Types of Partnership

What Makes Business Partnerships Unique from Other Entity Types?

Similar to a sole proprietorship, a partnership is financially and legally bound to its owners. This means that losses and profits are shifted to the owners’ personal income when tax season comes around. Also, liabilities and debts pass through to the partners as well.

In general, general partnerships are easier and cheaper to form than corporations.

Every kind of partnership offers the benefit of pass-through taxation, which means that there are lower taxes than other company types such as corporations.

What Are the Different Forms of Partnerships?

The following are the four primary kinds of partnerships:

• General Partnership

The basic kind of partnership, a general partnership does not need the partners to form an official entity with the state. Most times, the partners form the company by signing an agreement. Profits and ownership are typically divided fairly between the partners, but this division may be decided otherwise in the agreement.

This kind of partnership gives partners plenty of power, but it also means a lot of responsibility. For instance, let’s consider a partnership that has three partners. One of these partners decides to take out a loan that the company cannot afford, meaning that the whole partnership is now liable for that debt.

General partnerships are also easy to create and dissolve. When a partner goes bankrupt or dies, the partnership will usually dissolve automatically.

• Limited Partnership

Limited partnerships, or LPs, are formal entities that the state authorizes. They will have one general partner who take full responsibility for the business, in addition to one or more limited partners who make monetary contributions. These limited partners, however, do not run the business.

Limited partners choose to invest in the company to make money down the road, but they are not responsible for the company’s liabilities and debts. This is known as silent partner limited liability. This means that the limited partners can enjoy the profits of the business, but they cannot lose more than they have invested. Depending on the state, limited partners cannot be eligible for pass-through taxation.

If the limited partners begin to play an active role in running the business, then they may lose their designation as a limited partner, in addition to the protections that come with the status.

Some limited partnerships decide to make a limited liability company the general partner so that no individual has to suffer unlimited personal liability. It is important to note that this option is not available in most states, and it can also be much more complex than a typical limited partnership.

• Limited Liability Partnership

A limited liability partnership, or LLP, works similarly to a general partnership in the sense that all partners play a role in running the business. However, this entity type limits their liability for one another’s actions.

The partners will still be liable for the business’ debts and liabilities, but they are not responsible for the mistakes of the other partners.

LLPs are only available in certain states and are generally limited to specific professions. These professions include doctors, accountants, and lawyers.

• Limited Liability Limited Partnership

As one of the newer forms of partnerships, a limited liability limited partnership is only available in certain states. It works similarly to a limited partnership in the sense that there is one general partner who runs the company. However, this kind of partnership limits the general partner’s liability so that every partner enjoys liability protection.

Currently, limited liability limited partnerships are permitted in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Delaware, Colorado, Georgia, Florida, Illinois, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maryland, Kentucky, Minnesota, Montana, Missouri, Nevada, North Dakota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, South Dakota, Washington, Virginia, and Wyoming.

At present, the state of California does not permit LLLPs, but it does recognize LLLPs that have been created in other states. However, because LLLPs are not recognized in every state, they are not a great choice for companies that operate in many states. Also, their unique liability protections have not yet been tested in a legal sense.

How to Form a Legal Partnership

An individual who is interested in creating a partnership should pay attention to these steps:

Choose a Partnership Structure

The first step in forming a business partnership involves selecting the best structure for one’s situation. An entrepreneur should research the permitted partnership types in their state. They may do so by checking their secretary of state’s website to figure out which kinds of partnerships are available and which are allowed for the specific type of business.

This is also the time to discuss the business vision and goals of the company. The entrepreneur should ask him or herself what they want out of the business: a tax shelter, a steady income, or the opportunity to pursue one’s passion? Are there friends or family members who may want to join the business? How will accounting be handled?

Depending on the answers to the above questions, an entrepreneur should pick the appropriate partnership structure. This would also be the right time to speak with an attorney and tax advisor.

Create a Partnership Agreement

Though some partnerships have been formed with a handshake, most are formed using an official partnership agreement. Like a corporation’s articles of incorporation, a partnership agreement determines how the company will be managed, how losses and profits will be divided between partners, and how the company will navigate changes, such as the exit or passing of a partner.

If a company does not have a partnership agreement, then by default its operation will be governed by the relevant state’s partnership laws. These laws provide a regularized approach to managing a partnership, as well as solving common problems. However, they are not specific to an entrepreneur’s business and can cause results that he or she did not anticipate. For instance, perhaps a partnership will have to be dissolved and re-formed if a partner chooses to leave.

A partnership agreement provides the foundation that a business needs to succeed. To make an agreement, partners will need to make clear decisions about who plays what role in the company, how the business will be funded, how profits and losses will be divided, and how the partnership will handle outgoing and incoming partners. Without going through this exercise, it is hard for partners to be on the same page about the company’s operations and future. This makes conflict inevitable, which can jeopardize the future of the business.

The partnership agreement should be signed by every involved party. It should also answer the following questions:

• Who are the partners?
• How is ownership divided among partners?
• Who manages the business? Does one partner have more responsibility than the others?
• Are there limited partners? What do they contribute?
• How are disputes resolved? Does one partner have the final say? What happens if there is a conflict that cannot be resolved?
• How are losses and profits shared?
• Will family be involved in the partnership? Will they have any unique powers or benefits?

As with any contract, a partnership agreement should include some basic information, such as:

• The business name
• Description of the company
• Contact information of the business and its owners

Also, the partners should include details related to important decisions and situations that may come up in the lifetime of the business. A partnership agreement should therefore address the following subjects:

• Ownership. How much of the business does each partner own, expressed as a percentage.
  
  
• Decision-making. Do decisions need to be unanimous, or is it majority rule? How much weight does each partner’s vote have? The decision-making process should be provided in detail so that every voice is heard and no one can question the legitimacy of decisions.
  
  
• Capital Contribution. How much will each partner contribute to starting and running the business? Are these contributions cash, services, or property? If the business needs capital down the road, what are the responsibilities of the partners?
  
  
• Profits and Distributions. How will profits and losses be divided between partners? This clause should include when and how partners are to be paid back for their contributions, as well as how they will receive distributions from profits.
  
  
• Death and Disability. What is the procedure when a partner dies or is otherwise incapable of running the business? Who will inherit their share, and does the new partner take on the same role and rights? Do the other partners have the ability to buy out the exiting partner’s interest?
  
  
• Exiting or New Partner. How can a partner leave the partnership? What happens to their share and rights? How will the business continue without their contributions? What is the process for bringing on new partners and giving them profits, losses, and duties?

Name the Business

If an entrepreneur is creating a limited partnership, a limited liability partnership, or a limited liability limited partnership, then he or she must register the company with the state. To do so, they must follow these steps:

• Select a Home State: If the business is spread out over many states, then one should choose a state of formation. In general, the best state for this purpose is the one where the majority of business is conducted.

• Review Licensing Requirements: One should figure out what licenses are needed to conduct business in the specific state.

• Apply: One should complete the certificate of partnership for the relevant structure and file it with the secretary of state. This application will usually include the names of the partners, their positions, the purpose of the company, and the expiration date of the partnership.

• Appoint a Registered Agent: One should name an individual who has a physical location during business hours. This way, they can accept notices of lawsuits and other business documents for the partnership. There are also professional services that can act as a registered agent.

• Submit the Application: It is important to submit the requested number of copies of the certificate along with the necessary fee to the secretary of state’s office. Typically, this may be submitted online.

• Preserve Documents: After the company’s application has been approved, it is important to house the documents in a permanent business file.

Register the Partnership

When you select a business partnership structure, then you need to register the company with the relevant state by doing the following:

• Select a home state. If the business will be spread out among many states, then the owner needs to pick a state of formation. In general, this would be the state where the company performs most of its business.
  
  
• Review licensing requirements. A business owner should figure out what licenses he or she will require to operate and apply for them as necessary.
  
  
• A business owner should fill out the correct certificate of partnership for the selected business structure and file it with the corporations division or secretary of state. This application will generally ask for the contact information and names of all partners, as well as their positions, the purpose of the company, and the expiration date of the partnership.
  
  
• Select a registered agent. A business owner must identify an individual who has a physical office and who can accept, during business hours, notices of lawsuits and other business forms. There are services that can do this for a business.
  
  
• Submit the application. A business owner should submit the correct number of copies (typically two) of the certificate with the appropriate fee to the corporations bureau or secretary of state. The application can usually be submitted online.
  
  
• Store documents. After an application has been approved, a business owner should preserve the documents in their business archive.

File Annual Reports

If the partnership is classified as a limited partnership, a limited liability partnership, or a limited liability limited partnership, it will be necessary to file yearly reports to update the secretary of state about basic information regarding the business. Most states ask for these reports either annually or biannually, in addition to a filing fee.